... to the continuous phase, the use of an Eulerian–Lagrangian-based discrete phase model (DPM) is appropriate [ 36 ], which also neglects the particle–particle interactions. The particle trajectories are computed individually at specified intervals during the calculation of the continuous phase, using the force...

..., and the Lagrangian method in terms of the discrete phase model (DPM) is used to simulate the dispersed phase of liquid droplets in a continuous phase of air–water vapor mixture. The overall consistency between the computational prediction and experimental data is within 0.2% for the air-only case and 7% for the mist...