Public health officials are currently supporting adult male circumcision to minimize the transmission of HIV during intercourse. Estimates indicate that more than 3 million lives could be saved in sub-Saharan Africa alone if the procedure were widely adopted. Complications including infection and accidental cutting/amputation of the glans during traditional circumcision ceremonies can lead to permanent injury or death. A low cost, adjustable (one-size-fits-most), culturally appropriate adult male circumcision tool was designed for use in traditional circumcision ceremonies to increase the likelihood of safe outcomes.

1.
UNAIDS
, 2008, Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic 2008.
2.
Bakare
,
N.
, and
Miller
,
V.
, 2008, “
Meeting the Demand for Male Circumcision
,”
Ann. Forum Collab. HIV Res.
,
10
(
1
), pp.
1
28
.
3.
Katz
,
I. T.
, and
Wright
,
A. A.
, 2008, “
Circumcision—A Surgical Strategy for HIV Prevention in Africa
,”
N. Engl. J. Med.
0028-4793,
359
, pp.
2412
2415
.
4.
Auvert
,
B.
, 2005, “
Randomized, Controlled Intervention Trial of Male Circumcision for Reduction of HIV Infection Risk: The ANRS 1265 Trial
,”
PLoS Med.
1549-1277,
2
, p.
e298
.
5.
Bailey
,
R.
,
Moses
,
S.
,
Parker
,
C.
,
Agot
,
K.
,
Maclean
,
I.
,
Krieger
,
J.
,
Williams
,
C.
,
Campbell
,
R.
, and
Ndinya-Achola
,
J.
, 2007, “
Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention in Young Men in Kisumu, Kenya: A Randomised Controlled Trial
,”
Lancet
0140-6736,
369
, pp.
643
656
.
6.
Gray
,
R. H.
,
Kigozi
,
G.
,
Serwadda
,
D.
,
Makumbi
,
F.
,
Watya
,
S.
,
Nalugoda
,
F.
,
Kiwanuka
,
N.
,
Moulton
,
L.
,
Chaudhary
,
M.
, and
Chen
,
M.
, 2007, “
Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention in Men in Rakai, Uganda: A Randomised Trial
,”
Lancet
0140-6736,
369
, pp.
657
666
.
7.
Bailey
,
R. C.
,
Egesah
,
O.
, and
Rosenberg
,
S.
, 2008, “
Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention: A Prospective Study of Complications in Clinical and Traditional Settings in Bungoma, Kenya
,”
Bull. World Health Organ
0042-9686,
86
, pp.
669
677
.
8.
Shaffer
,
D. N.
, 2007, “
The Protective Effect of Circumcision on HIV Incidence in Rural Low-Risk Men Circumcised Predominantly by Traditional Circumcisers in Kenya: Two-Year Follow-Up of the Kericho HIV Cohort Study
,”
JAIDS, J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr.
1525-4135,
45
(
4
), pp.
371
379
.
9.
Williams
,
B. G.
,
Lloyd-Smith
,
J. O.
,
Gouws
,
E.
,
Hankins
,
C.
,
Getz
,
W. M.
,
Hargrove
,
J.
,
de Zoysa
,
I.
,
Dye
,
C.
, and
Auvert
,
B.
, 2006, “
The Potential Impact of Male Circumcision on HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa
,”
PLoS Med.
1549-1277,
3
, p.
e262
.
10.
McCoombe
,
S. G.
, and
Short
,
R. V.
, 2006, “
Potential HIV-1 Target Cells in the Human Penis
,”
AIDS
0269-9370,
20
(
11
), pp.
1491
1495
.
11.
Patterson
,
B. K.
, 2002, “
Susceptibility to Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection of Human Foreskin and Cervical Tissue Grown in Explant Culture
,”
Am. J. Pathol.
0002-9440,
161
, pp.
867
873
.
12.
Turner
,
A. N.
, 2008, “
Male Circumcision and Women's Risk of Incident Chlamydial, Gonococcal, and Trichomonal Infections
,”
Sex Transm. Dis.
0148-5717,
35
(
7
), pp.
689
695
.
13.
Morris
,
B. J.
, 2007, “
Why Circumcision is a Biomedical Imperative for the 21st Century
,”
BioEssays
0265-9247,
29.11
, pp.
1147
1158
.
14.
Seppa
,
N.
, 2009, “
Body and Brain: Demand for Circumcision Exceeds Availability in Sub-Saharan Africa: Procedure Catches on Among Men as a Way to Prevent HIV
,”
Sci. News (Washington, D. C.)
0036-8423,
175
, p.
14
.
15.
Peltzer
,
K.
,
Nqeketo
,
A.
,
Petros
,
G.
, and
Kanta
,
X.
, 2008, “
Traditional Circumcision During Manhood Initiation Rituals in East Cape, South Africa: A Pre-Post Intervention Evaluation
,”
BMC Public Health
,
8:64
, pp.
8
and 64.
16.
Vincent
,
L.
, “
‘Boys Will Be Boys’: Traditional Xhosa Male Circumcision, HIV and Sexual Socialization in Contemporary South Africa
,”
Cult. Health Sex.
,
10
, pp.
431
446
2008.
You do not currently have access to this content.