... turbulence transition to turbulence constant acceleration flow turbulent slug transient flow large-scale pipeline An abrupt transition from laminar to turbulent flow in start-up accelerating pipe flows is a common feature. Transition to turbulence is delayed...

... is responsible for transition or not. Concerning a constant acceleration flow shown in Fig. 6 , the cross-sectional mean velocity, u m , is expressed by u m = a t . Integration of u m with respect to time, t , gives the axial transition distance x tr = a t...